When you hear the name tribulus terrestris, you might think that you're about to get a lesson in Latin. Fear not, though, tribulus terrestris is the name of a noxious weed that grows prevalently throughout most of the United States [source: USDA]. Tribulus terrestris is not native to all the places it grows now, but the herb has become naturalized in most all regions. You might also hear it referred to as "puncture vine" because of the plant's spiny parts [source: Calflora].
Though the barbed bur of the tribulus terrestris may sound intimidating, many people claim that it has quite a few functions for the body other than poking holes in the skin. You can find tribulus terrestris in the form of a supplement on the shelves of most health and fitness stores. The supplement is a combination of extracts from different components found within the tribulus terrestris plant [source: Monson and Schoenstadt].
There are several claims about what tribulus terrestris supplements can do for the body. The two most common reasons people begin taking the supplements is to increase sexual desire and to increase muscle mass. Athletes especially are attracted to the muscle-building properties promoted by tribulus terrestris claims. People have also taken tribulus terrestris to treat serious illnesses such as cancer, kidney problems and blood pressure problems [source: Monson and Schoenstadt].
These restorative properties and more are claimed to come from this prickly plant. Read the next page to discover the benefits of using tribulus terrestris.
read more: http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/alternative/tribulus-terrestris.htm
Showing posts with label Tribulus terrestris. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Tribulus terrestris. Show all posts
Monday, April 18, 2011
Testosterone : Tribulus terrestris (Also known as Puncture Vine & Protodioscin)
Tribulus terrestris is a plant that grows in many tropical and moderate areas of the world. Reported to be the "secret weapon" employed by Bulgarian strength athletes, Tribulus terrestris is reported to increase muscle growth, improve libido and "lift" male performance in the bedroom. Many different cultures have used it for a number of conditions. The Greeks, for example, used Tribulus terrestris as a mood-enhancer. The people of Bulgaria used Tribulus terrestris as a way to enhance sex and as a treatment for infertility. Recently, eastern European athletes have used it in place of certain anabolic drugs to gain strength and size. Tribulus Terrestris is effective for anyone seeking rapid gains in muscle size, strength and power athletes involved in strength- and power-based sports, bodybuilders and regular gym users are likely to notice significant gains in both muscular size and performance. Men wanting to "lift" performance in the bedroom and enhance libido will also benefit from supplementation with Tribulus.
Tribulus Terrestris is shown to raise testosterone levels safely and naturally. Testosterone is one of nature's most powerful muscle building hormones. Testosterone tells your muscle cells to absorb more protein, leading to more muscle size and strength. By raising testosterone levels safely and naturally, and then keeping them elevated for long periods, Tribulus Terrestris will increase lean muscle, strength and performance. Tribulus Terrestris leads to a rise in the production of luteinizing hormone. When luteinizing hormone levels are increased, the natural production of testosterone also increases. Luteinizing hormone also increases sex drive and libido, which is why it has been used to increase fertility and help with impotence. Laboratory animal studies show that Tribulus Terrestris increases sperm count as well as motility levels after taking it for 30 days. This is a good supplement for men and women to increase their sex drive. According to Bill Phillips, former editor of Muscle Media, "...Tribulus Terrestris can significantly "lift" performance in the bedroom." Tribulus Terrestris contains a number of different substances known as steroidal saponins. The saponin in Tribulus Terrestris thought to be responsible for its effect on testosterone levels and libido is known as protodioscin. The protodioscin content of Tribulus terrestris varies widely depending on the way the herb is grown, processed, packaged, and stored. High-quality Tribulus Terrestis products are standardised to a high percentage of protodioscin levels - the higher the protodioscin level, the better.
It usually takes 5-7 days of supplementation with Tribulus Terrestris before most people notice an increase in aggression, libido and drive. To see and feel the gains in muscle strength and size takes a little longer, usually in the region of 11-15 days. When used in combination with an effectiveTraining Programme and a high Protein diet, it's reasonable to expect to gain muscle in the first 3-4 weeks. Please note that some people may experience a strong increase in libido when using this product. Tribulus Terrestris is a highly effective supplement when taken alone for promoting gains in muscle strength and size, libido and aggression. However, some Bulgarian strength coaches believe that it works well at promoting muscle growth when combined with some of the newer anabolic compounds, such as Beta-Ecdysterone or Methoxy Isoflavone.
Because of the important role played by minerals in raising testosterone levels, Tribulus Terrestris can be combined with zinc and magnesium, preferably as ZMA. Men looking for a real boost in sex drive may also want to combine Tribulus Terrestris with Horny Goat Weed. However, some men are uncomfortable with such a large rise in libido, and may benefit from starting with smaller doses to assess their tolerance. Approximately one in ten people report some gastrointestinal upset when taking Tribulus terrestris. Taking it with food can minimise this effect. As always one should as a precaution check with your health care professional before starting a cycle of Tribulus or any supplementation programe, especially if you suffer from any liver, kidney or pre-existing medical condition. Females should not take Tribulus while pregnant or lactating.
source: http://www.mrsupplement.com.au/australia/testosterone_tribulus.htm
Tribulus Terrestris is shown to raise testosterone levels safely and naturally. Testosterone is one of nature's most powerful muscle building hormones. Testosterone tells your muscle cells to absorb more protein, leading to more muscle size and strength. By raising testosterone levels safely and naturally, and then keeping them elevated for long periods, Tribulus Terrestris will increase lean muscle, strength and performance. Tribulus Terrestris leads to a rise in the production of luteinizing hormone. When luteinizing hormone levels are increased, the natural production of testosterone also increases. Luteinizing hormone also increases sex drive and libido, which is why it has been used to increase fertility and help with impotence. Laboratory animal studies show that Tribulus Terrestris increases sperm count as well as motility levels after taking it for 30 days. This is a good supplement for men and women to increase their sex drive. According to Bill Phillips, former editor of Muscle Media, "...Tribulus Terrestris can significantly "lift" performance in the bedroom." Tribulus Terrestris contains a number of different substances known as steroidal saponins. The saponin in Tribulus Terrestris thought to be responsible for its effect on testosterone levels and libido is known as protodioscin. The protodioscin content of Tribulus terrestris varies widely depending on the way the herb is grown, processed, packaged, and stored. High-quality Tribulus Terrestis products are standardised to a high percentage of protodioscin levels - the higher the protodioscin level, the better.
It usually takes 5-7 days of supplementation with Tribulus Terrestris before most people notice an increase in aggression, libido and drive. To see and feel the gains in muscle strength and size takes a little longer, usually in the region of 11-15 days. When used in combination with an effectiveTraining Programme and a high Protein diet, it's reasonable to expect to gain muscle in the first 3-4 weeks. Please note that some people may experience a strong increase in libido when using this product. Tribulus Terrestris is a highly effective supplement when taken alone for promoting gains in muscle strength and size, libido and aggression. However, some Bulgarian strength coaches believe that it works well at promoting muscle growth when combined with some of the newer anabolic compounds, such as Beta-Ecdysterone or Methoxy Isoflavone.
Because of the important role played by minerals in raising testosterone levels, Tribulus Terrestris can be combined with zinc and magnesium, preferably as ZMA. Men looking for a real boost in sex drive may also want to combine Tribulus Terrestris with Horny Goat Weed. However, some men are uncomfortable with such a large rise in libido, and may benefit from starting with smaller doses to assess their tolerance. Approximately one in ten people report some gastrointestinal upset when taking Tribulus terrestris. Taking it with food can minimise this effect. As always one should as a precaution check with your health care professional before starting a cycle of Tribulus or any supplementation programe, especially if you suffer from any liver, kidney or pre-existing medical condition. Females should not take Tribulus while pregnant or lactating.
source: http://www.mrsupplement.com.au/australia/testosterone_tribulus.htm
An Open Letter To Every Bodybuilder Who Secretly Believes That Most Tribulus Supplements...
YOU HAVE TO READ THIS NOW
WARNING: Don’t even think about buying another tribulus or herbal testosterone booster until you read this…
An Open Letter To Every Bodybuilder Who Secretly Believes That Most Tribulus Supplements Are Garbage…
This is a no-holds-barred report that exposes the shocking supplement scandal that has been happening for over two decades…Read on, if you are curious about what’s really happening behind closed-doors in the supplement labs…
MEMO FROM: Warren Hopper – CEO LG Sciences
DATE: Wednesday, September 1st, 2010
Dear Friends:
In a few minutes I hope to make you so pissed off, you just might throw a dumbell through the wall.
There’s a deceptive scandal going on with tribulus supplements today. It’s a scandal that, if you are like most guys I know, is cheating you out of your heard earned money and worse, robbing you of the serious gains and major results you deserve and you should be getting from every workout.
It’s an absolute mess. If you are using any tribulus supplements now or are even thinking about using any testosterone boosting herbals then you need to hear everything I am going to share with you. It’s that important.
Now, maybe I need to remind you who we are. It may help to understand why I am sharing this astonishing story I am about to tell you.
My name is Warren Hopper, and I’ve been in the bodybuilding industry for over 10 years… I’m close friends with guys who have won contests and broken strength records. I have worked with guys who are top drug free competitors. My biochemists are sought after by the top competitors for their knowledge.
Fifteen years ago, I started experimented with sports supplements on the market. I kept close track of the market leaders and what the results were and guess what? Although a few supplements worked a little bit, most were totally useless. Especially back then…
One supplement did work at boosting testosterone and building muscle. Sadly, it’s gone…
Of all the garbage products on the market, one Tribulus product did have a nice clean testosterone boosting effect that I could feel. Since then, no other Tribulus product has done squat for me. No testosterone boost, no alpha male feeling and certainly no muscle gain. One product did work, but sadly…
The only Tribulus product that ever worked is long gone…
There is one and only one reason for this problem. True Tribulus doesn’t exist any more. The original stuff was direct from Bulgaria, not China and wasn’t 30% protodioscin or 40% protodioscin like the garbage being sold today. True Bulgarian Tribulus is gone and you’ll never see it on the market again.
Even sites claiming to sell pure Bulgarian Tribulus are suspect, since the flood of cheap, Chinese tribulus is so easy to get. I am sure the poor supplement companies pushing this crap believe that they are selling REAL Tribulus, but the chances of that are as good as finding a desert in Alaska.
That’s why countless studies contradict the Bulgarian research and show absolutely no testosterone boosting effect from Tribulus. Respected universities have done tests on Tribulus, in humans and guess what?
Tribulus testosterone boosting effect was NADA, nothing, squatola…
This cheap Tribulus is everywhere and the real stuff is gone. The company I used to use doesn’t sell it any more because they know that REAL, Tribulus is no where to be found. Don’t buy another Tribulus supplement ever again because you are throwing your money down the toilet.
I’ve tried and the fact is that I got burned bad. I probably lost thousands of dollars, possibly even tens of thousands of and I will bet you dollars to donuts that you have been burned too in the supplement game.
Heck, I think every up and coming natural bodybuilder has been cheated because there is so much crap out there and no real Tribulus left on the market. It’s frustrating.
Yet, if you are a natural athlete, not ready for a steroid hormone or to go the illegal route, you need a serious product that will boost testosterone and act like testosterone without making you test positive. In an average workout you are missing out if you aren’t at your peak testosterone levels.
In a breakthrough workout, where you are really going for maximum gains, you are literally missing out on pounds of muscle because your testosterone is not at super-human levels. A good testosterone booster will help, but for the big gains you will need something more…but how to do find something more without using a steroid?
It’s a scandal!
The most recent Muscular Development has over 50 pages of advertisements for testosterone boosting supplements and they all claim that they are great for building muscle and increasing testosterone.
I’m no genius, but I know that they can’t all be the best at boosting testosterone and sex drive.
What’s more, through my personal wallet-emptying experience with enough test boosting herbal supplements to fill a warehouse, I know none of them are close to being effective testosterone boosters. Even the most popular from famous brands don’t deliver.
You should know that I’ve had my scientists go deep behind the scenes with decades of experience on every level of supplement development, formulation and research.
I can state with absolute confidence, based on my personal experience that about 95% of the herbal products on the market do not meet the standards I set for my own supplements.
I am not going to be a human guinea pig for cheap Chinese tribulus manufacturers that don’t care about serious natural bodybuilders.
Neither should you! Bodybuilders, especially natural ones deserve the best supplements that work. Supplements that give them all the advantages of the “dark side” without turning to illegal performance enhancers. Natural bodybuilders deserve something totally natural that will give them a real advantage!
Let’s focus on herbal testosterone products. Specifically, what’s the best ingredients for giving you massive gains
Let me tell you it’s not garbage Chinese Tribulus or even the people who think that they are selling real Tribulus from Bulgaria. It’s time to blow the lid off these lousy herbal products that claim to act like steroids or boost testosterone.
These products don’t work. Period…
What Are The Best Ingredients Out There Right Now For A Natural Guy?
During the course of my career, I had the good fortune of meeting Seth Roberts. He’s a steroid guru, author of “anabolic pharmacology” and just about the smartest guy I’ve ever met when it comes to supplements. He introduced me to a totally new class of ingredients that is changing the game. They allow people to exceed their previous athletic performance without the negative effects of using illegal substances or even legal steroid hormones.
These ingredients are called: Herbal Testosterone, pSARMs andAdaptogens.
And you might be asking yourself “Whoa, gee, man…Is that more of the same?” And of course its not. There’s crappy Chinese Tribulus and then there’s stuff that has real data behind it.
Why Is This The Greatest Supplement Ever Produced For The Natural Athlete?
These herbal ingredients have real data showing that they are effective. Sure, the data is from preliminary studies, but the anecdotal reports were so compelling we needed to bring this to the bodybuilding community’s attention.
If you want to duplicate the effects of testosterone, you need to hit all of the pathways! This combination of ingredients will leave you feeling rock hard and more dense then ever before. Let’s look at the ingredients and what they may be doing in the bodybuilder.
* Curculigo orchioides – this herb may boost your natural androgens which is traditionally what is supposedly done with Tribulus. It may also increase sexual performance and erections. Another benefit claimed by other products. This one does have the science though to make that claim.
* Hibiscus Rosa Sinesis – this herbal may act like testosterone via the pSARM mechanism.
* Tinospora cordifolia – this herb is the crown jewel because in preliminary studies, Tinospora has actually been shown to replace testosterone, meaning it may just act like testosterone at the androgen receptor.
* Cissus quadrangularis – we didn’t introduce this herbal to bodybuilders, but the anecdotal reports are that it is just about the best adaptogen on the market.
What Can You Expect When You Start Taking This?
First off, you’ll experience increased muscle density and maybe some aggression. Depending on your natural hormone levels you will get a range of effects that may in fact feel like something illegal. So, if you first take it and think “Whoa, that is potent sh*t”, that’s just an indication of how badly you need to get your androgens up to baseline.
Also, you might experience a little more aggression than usual. This is normal and should be expected. Don’t let that new found confidence get to your head and start picking fights or going after chicks out of your league. 
You’ll get to that after the cycle.
You’ll get to that after the cycle.By week two, you are noticing the effects and other people are seeing the changes in density and fullness. They might be asking you if you are “on something”. This density is going to stay with you, so enjoy how it feels!
At the end of week three, you might be pushing up weights like never before, hitting personal bests on every exercise.
By week four, you are in the zone and pounding out the weight like never before. You will see and feel the difference in your body. People will certainly be making comments about you and not all of them will be nice. Many guys here snide comments about “not being natural” as they destroy the gym. You might be telling your friends “get on the Nata-D dude, it’s that good”.
So Strong You Need PCT?
Yeah, we recommend using our Formadrol Extreme for PCT. It’s not absolutely necessary, but the strong nature of this product means you will want to kick start your natural production immediately after taking Natadrol.
Preliminary studies show how Formadrol may ensure that your natural test levels are as high as humanly possible. You’ll want this after taking Natadrol. Remember this IS NOT a testosterone booster like Tribulus, it’s a full fledged steroid replacement. That means like the illegal stuff, you will want to use something for PCT.
If You Don’t Want To Workout And at Right, Then Don’t Take This Supplement!
Yeah, I said it again. We don’t want the customer that expects a supplement to do all of the work for you. If you are going to make ANY supplement, hell even illegal drugs, work you are going to need to workout like a beast and eat right. That means 1g of protein at least per pound of body weight. You will here me and my boys say this a lot. We don’t want the average customer, we want the guy who has the hunger. The guy who wants to sit around, eat shitty food and bitch can have the Tribulus. We don’t have a lot of this material to spare, so if you are not going to step up, give your bottle to someone else.
Sincerely,
Warren Hopper
CEO
LG Sciences LLC
source: http://www.tribulus4testosterone.com/
Tribulus Terrestris By Cathy Wong, About.com Guide
What is Tribulus?
Other Names: Puncture vine
Tribulus terrestris is a herb that has been used in the traditional medicine of China and India for centuries.
In the mid-1990s, tribulus terrestris became known in North America after Eastern European Olympic athletes said that taking tribulus helped their performance.
The active compounds in tribulus are called steroidal saponins. Two types, called furostanol glycosides and spirostanol glycosides, appear to be involved with the effects of tribulus. These saponins are found primarily in the leaf.
Why Do People Use Tribulus?
Tribulus is most often used for infertility, erectile dysfunction, and low libido. In the last decade, it has become popular to improve sports performance.
Tribulus has been marketed these conditions because research performed in Bulgaria and Russia indicates that tribulus increases levels of the hormones testosterone (by increasing luteinizing hormone), DHEA, and estrogen. The design of these research studies, however, has been questioned.
A more recent study found that four weeks of tribulus supplements (at 10 to 20 milligrams per kg of body weight daily) had no effect on male sex hormones testosterone, androstenedione, or luteinizing hormone compared to people who did not take tribulus.
Erectile Dysfunction
Preliminary animal studies found that tribulus heightened sexual behavior and increased intracavernous pressure. This was attributed to increases in testosterone. There haven't been any well-designed human studies to confirm these early findings.
Body Composition and Exercise Performance
Although tribulus has become popular as a sports performance aid, one small but well-designed study found it has no effect on body composition or exercise performance. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to tribulus (3.21 mg per kg body weight daily) or a placebo.
After eight weeks with resistance training, there were no changes in body weight, percentage fat, dietary intake, or mood in either group. What was surprising was that muscle endurance actually improved more in the placebo group. Muscle endurance (determined by the maximum number of repetitions at 100 to 200% of body weight) increased for the bench and leg presses in the placebo group. The tribulus group experienced an increase in leg press strength only.
Dosage
Tribulus terrestris is often taken at a dose between 85 to 250 mg three times daily, with meals.
Safety
Pregnant or nursing women should not use tribulus.
An increase in breast size (called gynaecomastia) in a young male weight trainer was reported after he took a herbal tablet containing tribulus.
People with hormone-dependent conditions, such as breast or prostate cancer, should not use tribulus.
Tribulus terrestris has a toxic effect in sheep. It has been found to cause a chronic, progressive, irreversible disorder in the dopamine circuits of the nigrostriatal complex in the brain, resulting in impaired muscle function and weakness in the hindquarters, eventually leading to death.
Sources
Antonio J et al. "The effects of Tribulus terrestris on body composition and exercise performance in resistance-trained males". International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism. 10.2 (2000):208-15.
Bourke CA. "A novel nigrostriatal dopaminergic disorder in sheep affected by Tribulus terrestris staggers". Research in Veterinary Science. 43.3 (1987):347-50.
Gauthaman K et al. "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 9.2 (2003):237-65.
Gauthaman K et al. "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences. 71.12 (2002):1385-96.
Jameel JK et al. Gynaecomastia and the plant product "Tribulis terrestris". Breast. 13.5 (2004):428-30.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct 3;101(1-3):319-23. Links Neychev VK and Mitev VI. The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 101.1-3 (2005):319-23.
Phillips OA et al. "Antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Tribulus terrestris in rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 104.3 (2006):351-5.
source: http://altmedicine.about.com/od/herbsupplementguide/a/tribulus.htm
Other Names: Puncture vine
Tribulus terrestris is a herb that has been used in the traditional medicine of China and India for centuries.
In the mid-1990s, tribulus terrestris became known in North America after Eastern European Olympic athletes said that taking tribulus helped their performance.
The active compounds in tribulus are called steroidal saponins. Two types, called furostanol glycosides and spirostanol glycosides, appear to be involved with the effects of tribulus. These saponins are found primarily in the leaf.
Why Do People Use Tribulus?
Tribulus is most often used for infertility, erectile dysfunction, and low libido. In the last decade, it has become popular to improve sports performance.
Tribulus has been marketed these conditions because research performed in Bulgaria and Russia indicates that tribulus increases levels of the hormones testosterone (by increasing luteinizing hormone), DHEA, and estrogen. The design of these research studies, however, has been questioned.
A more recent study found that four weeks of tribulus supplements (at 10 to 20 milligrams per kg of body weight daily) had no effect on male sex hormones testosterone, androstenedione, or luteinizing hormone compared to people who did not take tribulus.
Erectile Dysfunction
Preliminary animal studies found that tribulus heightened sexual behavior and increased intracavernous pressure. This was attributed to increases in testosterone. There haven't been any well-designed human studies to confirm these early findings.
Body Composition and Exercise Performance
Although tribulus has become popular as a sports performance aid, one small but well-designed study found it has no effect on body composition or exercise performance. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to tribulus (3.21 mg per kg body weight daily) or a placebo.
After eight weeks with resistance training, there were no changes in body weight, percentage fat, dietary intake, or mood in either group. What was surprising was that muscle endurance actually improved more in the placebo group. Muscle endurance (determined by the maximum number of repetitions at 100 to 200% of body weight) increased for the bench and leg presses in the placebo group. The tribulus group experienced an increase in leg press strength only.
Dosage
Tribulus terrestris is often taken at a dose between 85 to 250 mg three times daily, with meals.
Safety
Pregnant or nursing women should not use tribulus.
An increase in breast size (called gynaecomastia) in a young male weight trainer was reported after he took a herbal tablet containing tribulus.
People with hormone-dependent conditions, such as breast or prostate cancer, should not use tribulus.
Tribulus terrestris has a toxic effect in sheep. It has been found to cause a chronic, progressive, irreversible disorder in the dopamine circuits of the nigrostriatal complex in the brain, resulting in impaired muscle function and weakness in the hindquarters, eventually leading to death.
Sources
Antonio J et al. "The effects of Tribulus terrestris on body composition and exercise performance in resistance-trained males". International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism. 10.2 (2000):208-15.
Bourke CA. "A novel nigrostriatal dopaminergic disorder in sheep affected by Tribulus terrestris staggers". Research in Veterinary Science. 43.3 (1987):347-50.
Gauthaman K et al. "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 9.2 (2003):237-65.
Gauthaman K et al. "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences. 71.12 (2002):1385-96.
Jameel JK et al. Gynaecomastia and the plant product "Tribulis terrestris". Breast. 13.5 (2004):428-30.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct 3;101(1-3):319-23. Links Neychev VK and Mitev VI. The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 101.1-3 (2005):319-23.
Phillips OA et al. "Antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Tribulus terrestris in rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 104.3 (2006):351-5.
source: http://altmedicine.about.com/od/herbsupplementguide/a/tribulus.htm
Tribestan (Tribulus terrestris)
Tribestan (Tribulus Terrestris L.) is the original Tribulus Terrestris L. natural product. Developed in the 1970s and 1980s after 16 years of research by many scientists at the Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute in Sofia, Bulgaria. The research expanded on the herb and herbal species, creating a proprietary technology and methodologies to extract the valuable components of a wild herb. Further R&D efforts included incorporation in a tablet form of a substance greatly affected by absorbed humidity. Tribestan was approved for production and implemented in mainstream practice in 1985, and on the market ever since. The product is practically non-toxic and has no side effects - no changes of lifestyle required when accepting Tribestan. Tribestan is natural and safe. Tribestan is based on a proprietary extract from Sopharma and the active substance does not contain herbal particles.
Tribestan is a completely natural non-hormonal herbal (phytochemical) biostimulator derived from the plant Tribulus terrestris L., Bulgaricum, which contains predominantly saponins of furostanol type (not less than 45% in Tribestan), with prevailing quantity of protodioscin. Over 25 years of experience with natural herbal Tribestan administration has seen no toxicity and negative effects to date. We would like to emphasize that the push towards higher Protodioscin content in Tribulus based products in misleading. The product claiming higher levels of Protodioscin simply use inferior extracts or ground herbal material and artificially add Protodioscin. The true superiority of the effectiveness and safety of Tribestan is expressed in a biologically balanced substance where are present not only Protodioscin, Protogracillin, but other key saponins in critically important ratios.
For many years Tribestan has been used by athletes of the Soviet Bloc. The Bulgarian strength athletes have also used it extensively with effectiveness. Tribestan has been used with significant results by top professional athletes as well as by recreational sport participants with no contraindications, no toxicity and no side effects. With its good safety profile and its natural herbal origin, Tribestan is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries with little restriction on its use. Special attention should be given to the harmlessness of the natural herbal product Tribestan. No evidence of acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity has been found during the experimental behavioral, hematological, functional, biochemical and morphological studies. Absence of carcinogenic and teratogenic effect. No adverse effects were noted in any of the clinical studies and additional research demonstrated no adverse effects on the Central Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System.
THE HEAD OF THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM CALLED TRIBESTAN
"A GIFT OF NATURE TO HUMANITY !"
Tribestan is a natural product and is obtained from the thorn plant Tribulus Terrestris L., growing in Bulgaria. The natural habitats of the plant have been extensively studied and are well defined as species and like other plants, would often change its composition depending on the site and conditions of growth. The cultured plant is already being used in Bulgaria as well. Cultivation is a complicated process because of the specificity of the plant.
Tribestan has well defined chemical composition and is standardized in relation to its active ingredients. It is administered orally as tablets of 250 mg. Its dosage quantities and intake duration vary with the mildness or severity of the case.
The author and the product development team took very active part in its implementation in regular production by the manufacturer Sopharma AD of Sofia, Bulgaria. Curiously enough, the development of this product cost nearly 20 years to the principal author and the research team, as the active ingredients turned out to constitute a new type of physiologically active substances. Thus, an author's hypothesis, connected with the long-lived experience was finally crowned with success and got its modern tune and meaning.
Margarita Tomova, Ph.D.
Margarita Tomova, Pharm. D., Assoc. Prof. has been a long standing director of the Natural Steroids Laboratory with the Phytochemistry Division of the Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Pharmachim in Sofia, Bulgaria. Her chief area of research interest was natural substances of plant origin, where she has published over 60 research papers in Bulgaria and Germany. She has also delivered large number of lectures and reports at various scientific forums in Bulgaria and abroad (Russia, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, etc.). As an experienced Head of Laboratory she has trained and virtually created many young scientists, and has further reviewed and guided their professional career, promoting them and helping them achieve higher degrees and ranks. She is a life member of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria, the Union of Bulgarian Pharmacists, member of the Scientific Board of the Institute of Botany, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, member of the Scientific Board of the Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute, etc. She has received number of honorary diplomas, certificates of recognition and awards. She is the author of number of licensed preparations of plant origin.
FOR YOUR OWN BENEFIT DO NOT ACCEPT ANY IMITATIONS!
source: http://www.tribestan.com/
Tribestan is a completely natural non-hormonal herbal (phytochemical) biostimulator derived from the plant Tribulus terrestris L., Bulgaricum, which contains predominantly saponins of furostanol type (not less than 45% in Tribestan), with prevailing quantity of protodioscin. Over 25 years of experience with natural herbal Tribestan administration has seen no toxicity and negative effects to date. We would like to emphasize that the push towards higher Protodioscin content in Tribulus based products in misleading. The product claiming higher levels of Protodioscin simply use inferior extracts or ground herbal material and artificially add Protodioscin. The true superiority of the effectiveness and safety of Tribestan is expressed in a biologically balanced substance where are present not only Protodioscin, Protogracillin, but other key saponins in critically important ratios.
For many years Tribestan has been used by athletes of the Soviet Bloc. The Bulgarian strength athletes have also used it extensively with effectiveness. Tribestan has been used with significant results by top professional athletes as well as by recreational sport participants with no contraindications, no toxicity and no side effects. With its good safety profile and its natural herbal origin, Tribestan is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries with little restriction on its use. Special attention should be given to the harmlessness of the natural herbal product Tribestan. No evidence of acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity has been found during the experimental behavioral, hematological, functional, biochemical and morphological studies. Absence of carcinogenic and teratogenic effect. No adverse effects were noted in any of the clinical studies and additional research demonstrated no adverse effects on the Central Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System.
THE HEAD OF THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM CALLED TRIBESTAN
"A GIFT OF NATURE TO HUMANITY !"
Tribestan is a natural product and is obtained from the thorn plant Tribulus Terrestris L., growing in Bulgaria. The natural habitats of the plant have been extensively studied and are well defined as species and like other plants, would often change its composition depending on the site and conditions of growth. The cultured plant is already being used in Bulgaria as well. Cultivation is a complicated process because of the specificity of the plant.
Tribestan has well defined chemical composition and is standardized in relation to its active ingredients. It is administered orally as tablets of 250 mg. Its dosage quantities and intake duration vary with the mildness or severity of the case.
The author and the product development team took very active part in its implementation in regular production by the manufacturer Sopharma AD of Sofia, Bulgaria. Curiously enough, the development of this product cost nearly 20 years to the principal author and the research team, as the active ingredients turned out to constitute a new type of physiologically active substances. Thus, an author's hypothesis, connected with the long-lived experience was finally crowned with success and got its modern tune and meaning.
Margarita Tomova, Ph.D.
Margarita Tomova, Pharm. D., Assoc. Prof. has been a long standing director of the Natural Steroids Laboratory with the Phytochemistry Division of the Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Pharmachim in Sofia, Bulgaria. Her chief area of research interest was natural substances of plant origin, where she has published over 60 research papers in Bulgaria and Germany. She has also delivered large number of lectures and reports at various scientific forums in Bulgaria and abroad (Russia, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, etc.). As an experienced Head of Laboratory she has trained and virtually created many young scientists, and has further reviewed and guided their professional career, promoting them and helping them achieve higher degrees and ranks. She is a life member of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria, the Union of Bulgarian Pharmacists, member of the Scientific Board of the Institute of Botany, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, member of the Scientific Board of the Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute, etc. She has received number of honorary diplomas, certificates of recognition and awards. She is the author of number of licensed preparations of plant origin.
FOR YOUR OWN BENEFIT DO NOT ACCEPT ANY IMITATIONS!
source: http://www.tribestan.com/
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Apart from a bad diet the main thing that is holding back your training results is your body’s low testosterone level. As there has not been a need for pure physical strength for humans in centuries then our body’s have adapted to this accordingly. Unfortunately this works against you as a you are bodybuilding because that makes it harder for you to gain muscle mass and strength.
Testosterone is the main thing responsible for pure strength and muscle mass.
If you have not been naturally blessed with very high levels of testosterone then you should find ways to increase it and thus advance your development.
You have two options, either to turn to steroids which increase the body`s testosterone level way over its natural limits and therefore produce many dangerous side effects or try to find a safe alternative. If you are not ready to face the dangers of steroids then that leaves you with natural anabolic.
Tribulus Terrestris is a flowering plant that is considered the ONLY working 100% natural anabolic. Period.
The natural anabolics have their own specific danger to look out for – the danger of being ripped off.
“I CANNOT BELIEVE HOW MUCH I PAID FOR TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS EXTRACT BEFORE!!hehe sorry for the caps but it is unbelievable how much do the branded tribulus supplements cost when you look at the amount of actual tribulus you are getting. i mix these with my protein shakes, creatine and carbs and i have a kickass combination which beats all other expensive hyped up supplement systems away! great product for a great price!” Anabolic13
The supplement market is flooded with all kinds of completely useless and in some cases dangerous supplements that are sold under the label of “natural anabolics”.
The tribulus terrestris extract is basically the main ingredient in all of legal anabolic supplements that are being sold. Only difference is that when buying this in a branded supplement what you are getting is a very low dosage of pure tribulus and a lot of completely useless and potentially dangerous fillers and other additives. This has also given some bad reputation to tribulus. Because branded supplements contain so low amounts of working agent the effects are also low. Tribulus terrestris extract is not some kind of an strong chemical of which you need to take a few mg`s. This is an extraction from a plant and you really need to take a lot more than you get from off the shelf supplements.
Here is a comparison chart between the amount of tribulus terrestris the leading supplements consist and how much do you have to pay for the only working agent in there!
Name Tribex Gold Alpha Animal Stak Stratos Pure Tribulus Pure Tribulus
Mg/capsule 250 200 500 100 650 650
#Capsules 25 90 21 30 30 120
Price 19.99 40.99 31.99 40 14.99 39.99
$/1g 3.2 2.3 3 13.3 0.7 0.5
(All the prices were taken from www.bodybuilding.com, in case of a discount, the price put into chart was the discount price, not regular price)
We at www.buytribulusterrestrisextract.com give you ONLY 100% pure tribulus terrestris extract in a natural gelatin capsule and nothing more. Branded supplements can contain up to 80% of fillers and non effective ingredients of which you have to pay a lot of money. In addition to this you also have to pay for all the marketing, branding, fancy packaging etc…
The capsules sold in this site contains only tribulus terrestris extract and nothing else! You will only pay for the tribulus that YOU TAKE IN and not for the brand, marketing and fancy packaging.
This is the only place from where to buy pure pharmaceutical grade tribulus terrestris extract without any fillers and get it delivered to you with free shipping worldwide
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Testosterone is responsible for muscle gains,strength and endurance. All of these can be greatly increased with the right amount of tribulus terrestris extract. This is the only safe way of increasing testosterone levels as tribulus does not rise them over your body’s natural limits. All the problems that come with steroid use is that they boost body’s testosterone levels way over the naturally set maximum and that produces all kinds of anomalies. Tribulus terrestris does not possess this potentially dangerous power.
In addition to increased muscle mass, strength and endurance pure tribulus terrestris extract possesses several other positive effects:
Increases libido and erectile functions
Stimulates spermatogenesis and increases sperm quality
Tribulus terrestris extract is often included in supplements and drugs meant to improve sexual performance. This is because in addition to the testosterone increasing abilities it also possesses many effects that help one`s sexual performance. In clinical studies 85% of 212 persons suffering from low libido showed increased libido after ingesting tribulus daily for 30 days. Volume of ejaculate was increased 1-2ml and sperm contained up to 40% more sertoli cells(the “mother” cell in spermatogenesis). It has been even claimed to treat infertility but there have been no studies done on this.
Tip: Add some caffeine extract to your diet to also boost sperm mobility! Pure caffeine extract will increase sperm mobility according to a study done in Brazil. It does not however have effects on its quality.
“As i do not do any training i can not say anything about the testosterone levels or whatnot but my sex drive has definitely went up. a little bit too much to be honest as i don’t have a wife or steady girlfriend…” Andy
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Middle-aged?
For middle-aged and older men the need to keep the testosterone levels high becomes even more evident. As for younger men tribulus terrestris extract is used to gain bigger training results, men in their thirties and older can use tribulus to keep the quality of life from decreasing. A steady dosage of tribulus terrestris extract even without training (although training is vital for keeping up a good health) can help you keep up the strength and endurance levels in everyday life and also in the sack! There is no age limit as there are no negative side effects from the tribulus terrestris. With age tribulus terrestris intake becomes more and more vital.
Important: there are some things that you need to keep in mind – if you have problems with your prostate then rising your testosterone levels might be dangerous. Also the slight decrease in blood sugar may pose a threat to people suffering from diabetes. Be sure to check with your doctor if you fall into these risk groups!
Note to women – if you use tribulus terrestris then you stop usage during pregnancy. It`s effects on breast milk have not been studied.
We can offer special prices on a long-term ordering basis as we keep a steady stock of pure pharmaceutical grade tribulus on hand.
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Only working 100% natural anabolic – you will get results.
No bad side effects - it is safe to try it. (unless your suffering from prostate problems or diabetes!)
Increases testosterone levels – gain pure muscle mass faster, you will have more strength and endurance!
Increases libido – you will have bigger desire towards sexual activities!
Increases erectile functions – you will get an erection faster and will be able to maintain it longer!
Includes only pure tribulus terrestris extract – capsules contain only tribulus extract and no fillers!
Safe buying – pay with PayPal!
Fast shipping – items ship within 24 hours after placing an order
100% Risk Free Money Back Guarantee
Pay for what you get – no costs on branding, fancy packaging, corporate wages etc
We keep a low volume stock so that we can always give you only the freshest extract possible therefore we constantly run out of products for a short while – Order now (if products are in stock) so that you wouldn`t have to wait for your results any longer!
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
P.S. Whatever your goals are, you need to take action NOW! There is no better time than right now to start fixing what`s wrong and working towards your goals. Do not postpone the quality of YOUR LIFE. Please.
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
source: http://www.buytribulusterrestrisextract.com/
Testosterone is the main thing responsible for pure strength and muscle mass.
If you have not been naturally blessed with very high levels of testosterone then you should find ways to increase it and thus advance your development.
You have two options, either to turn to steroids which increase the body`s testosterone level way over its natural limits and therefore produce many dangerous side effects or try to find a safe alternative. If you are not ready to face the dangers of steroids then that leaves you with natural anabolic.
Tribulus Terrestris is a flowering plant that is considered the ONLY working 100% natural anabolic. Period.
The natural anabolics have their own specific danger to look out for – the danger of being ripped off.
“I CANNOT BELIEVE HOW MUCH I PAID FOR TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS EXTRACT BEFORE!!hehe sorry for the caps but it is unbelievable how much do the branded tribulus supplements cost when you look at the amount of actual tribulus you are getting. i mix these with my protein shakes, creatine and carbs and i have a kickass combination which beats all other expensive hyped up supplement systems away! great product for a great price!” Anabolic13
The supplement market is flooded with all kinds of completely useless and in some cases dangerous supplements that are sold under the label of “natural anabolics”.
The tribulus terrestris extract is basically the main ingredient in all of legal anabolic supplements that are being sold. Only difference is that when buying this in a branded supplement what you are getting is a very low dosage of pure tribulus and a lot of completely useless and potentially dangerous fillers and other additives. This has also given some bad reputation to tribulus. Because branded supplements contain so low amounts of working agent the effects are also low. Tribulus terrestris extract is not some kind of an strong chemical of which you need to take a few mg`s. This is an extraction from a plant and you really need to take a lot more than you get from off the shelf supplements.
Here is a comparison chart between the amount of tribulus terrestris the leading supplements consist and how much do you have to pay for the only working agent in there!
Name Tribex Gold Alpha Animal Stak Stratos Pure Tribulus Pure Tribulus
Mg/capsule 250 200 500 100 650 650
#Capsules 25 90 21 30 30 120
Price 19.99 40.99 31.99 40 14.99 39.99
$/1g 3.2 2.3 3 13.3 0.7 0.5
(All the prices were taken from www.bodybuilding.com, in case of a discount, the price put into chart was the discount price, not regular price)
We at www.buytribulusterrestrisextract.com give you ONLY 100% pure tribulus terrestris extract in a natural gelatin capsule and nothing more. Branded supplements can contain up to 80% of fillers and non effective ingredients of which you have to pay a lot of money. In addition to this you also have to pay for all the marketing, branding, fancy packaging etc…
The capsules sold in this site contains only tribulus terrestris extract and nothing else! You will only pay for the tribulus that YOU TAKE IN and not for the brand, marketing and fancy packaging.
This is the only place from where to buy pure pharmaceutical grade tribulus terrestris extract without any fillers and get it delivered to you with free shipping worldwide
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Testosterone is responsible for muscle gains,strength and endurance. All of these can be greatly increased with the right amount of tribulus terrestris extract. This is the only safe way of increasing testosterone levels as tribulus does not rise them over your body’s natural limits. All the problems that come with steroid use is that they boost body’s testosterone levels way over the naturally set maximum and that produces all kinds of anomalies. Tribulus terrestris does not possess this potentially dangerous power.
In addition to increased muscle mass, strength and endurance pure tribulus terrestris extract possesses several other positive effects:
Increases libido and erectile functions
Stimulates spermatogenesis and increases sperm quality
Tribulus terrestris extract is often included in supplements and drugs meant to improve sexual performance. This is because in addition to the testosterone increasing abilities it also possesses many effects that help one`s sexual performance. In clinical studies 85% of 212 persons suffering from low libido showed increased libido after ingesting tribulus daily for 30 days. Volume of ejaculate was increased 1-2ml and sperm contained up to 40% more sertoli cells(the “mother” cell in spermatogenesis). It has been even claimed to treat infertility but there have been no studies done on this.
Tip: Add some caffeine extract to your diet to also boost sperm mobility! Pure caffeine extract will increase sperm mobility according to a study done in Brazil. It does not however have effects on its quality.
“As i do not do any training i can not say anything about the testosterone levels or whatnot but my sex drive has definitely went up. a little bit too much to be honest as i don’t have a wife or steady girlfriend…” Andy
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Middle-aged?
For middle-aged and older men the need to keep the testosterone levels high becomes even more evident. As for younger men tribulus terrestris extract is used to gain bigger training results, men in their thirties and older can use tribulus to keep the quality of life from decreasing. A steady dosage of tribulus terrestris extract even without training (although training is vital for keeping up a good health) can help you keep up the strength and endurance levels in everyday life and also in the sack! There is no age limit as there are no negative side effects from the tribulus terrestris. With age tribulus terrestris intake becomes more and more vital.
Important: there are some things that you need to keep in mind – if you have problems with your prostate then rising your testosterone levels might be dangerous. Also the slight decrease in blood sugar may pose a threat to people suffering from diabetes. Be sure to check with your doctor if you fall into these risk groups!
Note to women – if you use tribulus terrestris then you stop usage during pregnancy. It`s effects on breast milk have not been studied.
We can offer special prices on a long-term ordering basis as we keep a steady stock of pure pharmaceutical grade tribulus on hand.
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Only working 100% natural anabolic – you will get results.
No bad side effects - it is safe to try it. (unless your suffering from prostate problems or diabetes!)
Increases testosterone levels – gain pure muscle mass faster, you will have more strength and endurance!
Increases libido – you will have bigger desire towards sexual activities!
Increases erectile functions – you will get an erection faster and will be able to maintain it longer!
Includes only pure tribulus terrestris extract – capsules contain only tribulus extract and no fillers!
Safe buying – pay with PayPal!
Fast shipping – items ship within 24 hours after placing an order
100% Risk Free Money Back Guarantee
Pay for what you get – no costs on branding, fancy packaging, corporate wages etc
We keep a low volume stock so that we can always give you only the freshest extract possible therefore we constantly run out of products for a short while – Order now (if products are in stock) so that you wouldn`t have to wait for your results any longer!
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
P.S. Whatever your goals are, you need to take action NOW! There is no better time than right now to start fixing what`s wrong and working towards your goals. Do not postpone the quality of YOUR LIFE. Please.
Tribulus Terrestris Extract
source: http://www.buytribulusterrestrisextract.com/
Tribulus Info And Products A Plant That Enhances Testosterone*
What is it and where does it come from?
Tribulus Terrestris is a vine plant that grows in moderate and tropical climates in the United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, India and China.
What does it do and what scientific studies give evidence to support this?
[ Top 5 Sellers ]
1. NOW Tribulus 1000
2. Universal Animal Stak
3. MHP T-Bomb II
4. USPlabs Prime
5. Universal N1-T
The Tribulus Terrestris plant has a long history of uses.
People from around the world have used the Tribulus Terrestris plant to promote overall health, support healthy libido function already in normal range and increase muscle tone.*
Because of the plants reputed benefits, athletes have used Tribulus Terrestris extract dietary supplements to boost energy levels, to promote healthy hormone function, to enhance muscle tone and to support athletic training.* Although it's unclear how Tribulus Terrestris extract exerts its effects, scientific research has suggested several possible mechanisms of action.
Tribulus Terrestris contains steroidal saponins, alkaloids, and flavanoids, and its protodioscins content is believed to be responsible for its effects on hormone, libido and body composition.*
Clinical research suggests that Tribulus Terrestris may support healthy libido function in humans, and that it may also support healthy blood pressure and healthy cholesterol profiles already in normal range.*
Learn more about the benefits of Ashwagandha on Clayton South's Health Facts.
Who may benefit from using this dietary supplement?
All persons in good health may benefit from using Tribulus Terrestris as a dietary supplement.
How much should be taken? Are there any side effects?
No dosing protocols have been established. Use as directed on the product label.
Human research has established that Tribulus Terrestris is safe and free of side-effects.
REFERENCES
View references here.
Republished from Clayton South's Health Facts.
source: http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/trib.html
Tribulus Terrestris is a vine plant that grows in moderate and tropical climates in the United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, India and China.
What does it do and what scientific studies give evidence to support this?
[ Top 5 Sellers ]
1. NOW Tribulus 1000
2. Universal Animal Stak
3. MHP T-Bomb II
4. USPlabs Prime
5. Universal N1-T
The Tribulus Terrestris plant has a long history of uses.
People from around the world have used the Tribulus Terrestris plant to promote overall health, support healthy libido function already in normal range and increase muscle tone.*
Because of the plants reputed benefits, athletes have used Tribulus Terrestris extract dietary supplements to boost energy levels, to promote healthy hormone function, to enhance muscle tone and to support athletic training.* Although it's unclear how Tribulus Terrestris extract exerts its effects, scientific research has suggested several possible mechanisms of action.
Tribulus Terrestris contains steroidal saponins, alkaloids, and flavanoids, and its protodioscins content is believed to be responsible for its effects on hormone, libido and body composition.*
Clinical research suggests that Tribulus Terrestris may support healthy libido function in humans, and that it may also support healthy blood pressure and healthy cholesterol profiles already in normal range.*
Learn more about the benefits of Ashwagandha on Clayton South's Health Facts.
Who may benefit from using this dietary supplement?
All persons in good health may benefit from using Tribulus Terrestris as a dietary supplement.
How much should be taken? Are there any side effects?
No dosing protocols have been established. Use as directed on the product label.
Human research has established that Tribulus Terrestris is safe and free of side-effects.
REFERENCES
View references here.
Republished from Clayton South's Health Facts.
source: http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/trib.html
Tribulus Terrestris Extract : A Review of Tribulus Effects
Tribulus Terrestris Extract : A Review of Tribulus Effects and Tribulus Side Effects
Tribulus terrestris is a flowering plant that grows through India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It has plenty of names like Puncture Vine, Caltrop, Yellow Vine and Goathead. Indian ayuvveda practice employs this plant as a tonic.
Tribulus Terrestris Effects
It is also employed in Turkey as people medication to address high blood pressure and cholesterol. However, this plant is another wonder used towards the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men. The active chemical in Tribulus terrestris is protodioscin ( PTN ). The active compounds are called steroidal saponins. With increased testosterone, a body increases fertility and libido. Due to this claim, Tribulus terrestris is presently being promoted as a sex-drive booster. Independent studies have recommended the extract form a touch increases hormone levels, though they remain inside standard range. In animal studies, it has shown to be beneficial in skyrocketing sex drive. An improvement was indicated in sexual behavior, with a rise in mounting activity.
Tribulus terrestris may work thanks to the relaxing of the smooth muscles and increasing blood flow into the penis. In this example, this herb might also be profitable for intestinal colic sufferers. There have also been positive effects on bone marrow activity and the immune mechanism. There's also speculation that Tribulus terrestris contains anti-oxidant properties too. there were no reported complications except from those users who've consumed high doses,eg experiencing more energy, feeling hotter, having a marginally quicker heartbeat, and restlessness. As in all cases of consuming herbal additions, it is critical to take breaks between treatments, and to exercise caution regarding dose.
Tribulus Side Effects : There are none documented
With Tribulus terrestris, is can be possible to achieve gains in sexual performance over time. It's best used in a mix with other herbal constituents.
source: http://www.tribulusterrestrisfacts.org/
Tribulus terrestris From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tribulus terrestris is a flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World in southern Europe, southern Asia, throughout Africa, and Australia.[2] It can thrive even in desert climates and poor soil. Like many weedy species, this plant has many common names, including puncturevine, caltrop, cathead, yellow vine, goathead, burra gokharu and bindii.[1][3]
Growth
"Goathead" fruit
Thumbtack-like Tribulus terrestris nutlets are a hazard to bicycle tires.
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than a quarter-inch long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats' or bulls' heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.[4]
[edit]Etymology
The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well.[5]
[edit]Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[6]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons in southern Africa; murderers smear them with the poisonous juice of Acokanthera venenata and put them where victims are likely to step.[4]
[edit]Dietary supplement
T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and lutenizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples. A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals. [7]
The extract is claimed to increase the body's natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its muscle-building potential was popularised by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[8][9][10] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties.[11] However, many supplement brands claim effects of products that combine various herbs with T. terrestris.
Tribulus has been shown to enhance sexual behaviour in an animal model.[12] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT". After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body's natural testosterone levels.
[edit]Medicinal uses
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb..."
Tribulus terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[13] It is also used as an aphrodisiac, diuretic and nervine in Ayurveda, and in Unani, another medical system of India.
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[14] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[16] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[17]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN),[18] a cousin to DHEA. In a study with mice, Tribulus was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate.[citation needed] This however, is not as convincing as one might think. Although an OTC supplement outpacing a pharmaceutical is big news, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity. (Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement."National Institutes of Health". Retrieved April 24, 2010). The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.
Adverse effects from supplementation with Tribulus terrestris are rare and tend to be insignificant. However, some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food.[19] Another rare side effect which has been reported is gynaecomastia,[20] which while potentially problematic does tend to support the purported androgenic-anabolic effects of this plant, if it really was Tribulus terrestris that caused it and not androgens, as the source doesn't say that the product was tested in order to detect what chemicals it contained.
[edit]Eradication
Typical habit of Tribulus terrestris
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.
[edit]Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.
[edit]Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.
[edit]Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser's location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.
[edit]Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[21] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg.[21]
[edit]References
^ a b "Tribulus terrestris information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
^ "Zygophyllaceae". Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
^ "Caltrop - Tribulus terrestris". Weeds Australia. National Weeds Management Facilitator. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
^ a b Tribulus terrestris in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
^ USDA
^ Bucci LR (2000). "Selected herbals and human exercise performance". The American journal of clinical nutrition 72 (2 Suppl): 624S–36S. PMID 10919969.
^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, Uhl NL, Parsons KA, Sharp RL, King DS (2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10 (3): 340–59. PMID 10997957.
^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Martini ER, Kohut ML, Franke WD, Jackson DA, King DS (2001). "Endocrine and lipid responses to chronic androstenediol-herbal supplementation in 30 to 58 year old men". J Am Coll Nutr 20 (5): 520–8. PMID 11601567.
^ Neychev VK, & Mitev VI. (2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (1-3): 319–23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017. PMID 15994038.
^ Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. (2007). "The Effect of Five Weeks of Tribulus terrestris Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Body Composition During Preseason Training in Elite Rugby League Players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 21 (2): 348–53. doi:10.1519/R-18395.1. PMID 17530942.
^ Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN. (2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences 71 (12): 1385–96. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01858-1. PMID 12127159.
^ (2001). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Department of Indian System of Medicine & Homoeopathy. Vol 1, Part 1: 260.
^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP (Jan 2008). "The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction—an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat". Phytomedicine 15 (1-2): 44–54. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011. PMID 18068966.
^ Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN (Aug 2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences 71 (12): 1385–96. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01858-1. PMID 12127159.
^ Neychev VK, Mitev VI (Oct 2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (1-3): 319–23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017. PMID 15994038.
^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, et al. (Sep 2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10 (3): 340–59. PMID 10997957.
^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP, Prasad RN (2003). "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9 (2): 257–65. doi:10.1089/10755530360623374. PMID 12804079.
^ Tribulus Terrestris – Supplements, accessed May 17, 2006
^ Jameel JK, Kneeshaw PJ, Rao VS, Drew PJ (Oct 2004). "Gynaecomastia and the plant product "Tribulis terrestris"". Breast 13 (5): 428–430. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2003.10.013. PMID 15454201.
^ a b Bourke CA, Stevens GR, Carrigan MJ (Jul 1992). "Locomotor effects in sheep of alkaloids identified in Australian Tribulus terrestris". Australian Veterinary Journal 69 (7): 163–165. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07502.x. PMID 1445080.
[edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tribulus terrestris
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Tribulus terrestris
Flora Europaea: native distribution in Europe
Page on T. terrestris at the Global Compendium of Weeds
Page from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's PLANTS database
Tribulus terrestris List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)
Caldecott, Todd (2006). Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life. Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 0723434107. Contains a detailed monograph on Tribulus terrestris (Gokshura) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/366-gokshura
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Growth
"Goathead" fruit
Thumbtack-like Tribulus terrestris nutlets are a hazard to bicycle tires.
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than a quarter-inch long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats' or bulls' heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.[4]
[edit]Etymology
The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well.[5]
[edit]Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[6]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons in southern Africa; murderers smear them with the poisonous juice of Acokanthera venenata and put them where victims are likely to step.[4]
[edit]Dietary supplement
T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and lutenizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples. A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals. [7]
The extract is claimed to increase the body's natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its muscle-building potential was popularised by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[8][9][10] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties.[11] However, many supplement brands claim effects of products that combine various herbs with T. terrestris.
Tribulus has been shown to enhance sexual behaviour in an animal model.[12] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT". After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body's natural testosterone levels.
[edit]Medicinal uses
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb..."
Tribulus terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[13] It is also used as an aphrodisiac, diuretic and nervine in Ayurveda, and in Unani, another medical system of India.
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[14] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[16] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[17]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN),[18] a cousin to DHEA. In a study with mice, Tribulus was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate.[citation needed] This however, is not as convincing as one might think. Although an OTC supplement outpacing a pharmaceutical is big news, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity. (Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement."National Institutes of Health". Retrieved April 24, 2010). The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.
Adverse effects from supplementation with Tribulus terrestris are rare and tend to be insignificant. However, some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food.[19] Another rare side effect which has been reported is gynaecomastia,[20] which while potentially problematic does tend to support the purported androgenic-anabolic effects of this plant, if it really was Tribulus terrestris that caused it and not androgens, as the source doesn't say that the product was tested in order to detect what chemicals it contained.
[edit]Eradication
Typical habit of Tribulus terrestris
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.
[edit]Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.
[edit]Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.
[edit]Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser's location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.
[edit]Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[21] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg.[21]
[edit]References
^ a b "Tribulus terrestris information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
^ "Zygophyllaceae". Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
^ "Caltrop - Tribulus terrestris". Weeds Australia. National Weeds Management Facilitator. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
^ a b Tribulus terrestris in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
^ USDA
^ Bucci LR (2000). "Selected herbals and human exercise performance". The American journal of clinical nutrition 72 (2 Suppl): 624S–36S. PMID 10919969.
^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, Uhl NL, Parsons KA, Sharp RL, King DS (2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10 (3): 340–59. PMID 10997957.
^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Martini ER, Kohut ML, Franke WD, Jackson DA, King DS (2001). "Endocrine and lipid responses to chronic androstenediol-herbal supplementation in 30 to 58 year old men". J Am Coll Nutr 20 (5): 520–8. PMID 11601567.
^ Neychev VK, & Mitev VI. (2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (1-3): 319–23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017. PMID 15994038.
^ Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. (2007). "The Effect of Five Weeks of Tribulus terrestris Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Body Composition During Preseason Training in Elite Rugby League Players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 21 (2): 348–53. doi:10.1519/R-18395.1. PMID 17530942.
^ Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN. (2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences 71 (12): 1385–96. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01858-1. PMID 12127159.
^ (2001). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Department of Indian System of Medicine & Homoeopathy. Vol 1, Part 1: 260.
^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP (Jan 2008). "The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction—an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat". Phytomedicine 15 (1-2): 44–54. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011. PMID 18068966.
^ Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN (Aug 2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences 71 (12): 1385–96. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01858-1. PMID 12127159.
^ Neychev VK, Mitev VI (Oct 2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (1-3): 319–23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017. PMID 15994038.
^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, et al. (Sep 2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10 (3): 340–59. PMID 10997957.
^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP, Prasad RN (2003). "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9 (2): 257–65. doi:10.1089/10755530360623374. PMID 12804079.
^ Tribulus Terrestris – Supplements, accessed May 17, 2006
^ Jameel JK, Kneeshaw PJ, Rao VS, Drew PJ (Oct 2004). "Gynaecomastia and the plant product "Tribulis terrestris"". Breast 13 (5): 428–430. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2003.10.013. PMID 15454201.
^ a b Bourke CA, Stevens GR, Carrigan MJ (Jul 1992). "Locomotor effects in sheep of alkaloids identified in Australian Tribulus terrestris". Australian Veterinary Journal 69 (7): 163–165. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07502.x. PMID 1445080.
[edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tribulus terrestris
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Tribulus terrestris
Flora Europaea: native distribution in Europe
Page on T. terrestris at the Global Compendium of Weeds
Page from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's PLANTS database
Tribulus terrestris List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)
Caldecott, Todd (2006). Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life. Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 0723434107. Contains a detailed monograph on Tribulus terrestris (Gokshura) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/366-gokshura
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
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